tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33021534987634049692024-02-20T00:59:45.560-08:00L&M Educational ConsultingLaurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.comBlogger39125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-53858923591971260742019-02-21T22:58:00.000-08:002019-02-21T22:58:08.845-08:00Powerful Shifts in Learning<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
When technology started to become an integral part of our lives, I used to tell my students that the jobs they would get had not been invented yet.</div>
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This season, over turkey and eggnog, I realized that the time had already arrived. Chatting with my children, nephews and nieces, and other family members, I realized that I had no idea what their job titles meant and that I could not have imagined that job even a decade<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"> ago.</span></div>
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My next thought was – what are we doing to keep up with our students and the world that they will inherit? Are we making the necessary changes so that they leave us ready to take on the world and be successful in life and career? I started to think back at my teaching career and how each year meant one more layer of something – cooperative learning, multiple intelligences, literacies and technology, etc. – and how unwieldy it became as all these little pieces added to an already crowded and difficult timeline.</div>
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Just in time, I saw this article by Terry Heick (January 3, 2019) and it mirrored my feelings about the future of the classroom, and it also gave some pointers towards a path for making the necessary changes to meet those future needs. What the pragmatist in me liked is that it referred to “shifts” not “changes” and that “the most compelling and powerful trends, concepts, and resources that represent its promise” were already available (and didn’t require tons of money and hours of training).</div>
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Even the title Tomorrow’s Learning Today: 7 Shifts To Create A Classroom Of The Future didn’t leave me breathless and exhausted but curious and hopeful.</div>
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Before even getting into the meat of the article, the author acknowledged the biggest challenge that teachers face: IMPLEMENTATION. By addressing this first and stating that “many of the elements of a progressive learning environment…work together…and, that collectively they can reduce the burden on those managing the learning because they place the learner at the center…” gave me a feeling of I Can Do This. The new shifts use “integration” not “tacking on”.</div>
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The seven shifts made sense to me, but the last two made my heart sing… “Spaces and places matter”… “authentic learning experiences allow learners to self-direct personal change in pursuit of social change–and that starts small, at home and surrounding intimate communities” and finally “self-directed learning is at the core of the future of learning”.</div>
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Small changes make for big results in the end. I can teach to this end.</div>
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Happy New Year!</div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">https://www.teachthought.com/the-future-of-learning/shift-learning-the-7-most-powerful-ideas-shifts-in-learning-today/</span></span></div>
Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-85318015192723628672014-08-15T01:07:00.001-07:002014-08-15T01:07:32.495-07:00Blended Learning - New Idea or Trend?<div class="MsoNormal">
Blended learning is one of our new “go to” pieces of
educational jargon. It seems everyone is
either doing it, thinking about it, or planning to do it. It sports different names – blended
education, hybrid learning, flipping the classroom and is being touted as the
new way to deliver instruction. </div>
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So what is blended learning?
It is a model of delivery of instruction that combines classroom and
online education. This trend is
propelled forward by the reality of the way we live - surrounded by
technology. Why only last evening, I
asked Siri to wake me up at six; then asked her to send a message to my
children and set a reminder to take the potatoes off the stove. I also dictated notes to myself about new
ideas for my lesson during my daily walk and had Siri e-mail them to me. </div>
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As teachers we incorporate and apply theories; design
lessons using varied strategies; and look to meet the needs of students that
have different learning styles and requirements. It’s part of the job and the only differences
are the tools at our disposal. When I
started teaching we relied on mimeograph machines, overhead projectors, and
books for research. Now we have wireless printers, smart classrooms, and
instant access to information via the internet.
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The tools have changed.
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What hasn’t changed is the fact that we still need to teach
our students to think critically and to evaluate what they read, regardless of
where the information comes from.</div>
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For our students to be engaged, we need to keep pace with
them and embrace the ways they use to communicate. The tools for education and the way we use
them must be relevant in order to engage students in the importance of the
content. If the way we deliver the
message is antiquated, then why would our students think that the subject is
any less so. </div>
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Tapping into prior knowledge, frontloading, and all the
tricks of our trade have just had a face lift.
Watching a lecture ahead of time, engaging peers in an online
discussion, uploading assignments to the teacher’s website and receiving
annotated responses is only the next level of using the tools at our
disposal. The need to move our students
to higher and deeper levels of thinking hasn’t changed.</div>
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So….is blended learning a revolutionary new idea or just the
latest trend in our educational pendulum?</div>
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Maybe it is either or both.
It doesn’t matter. What we do
with it is what matters.</div>
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And, by the way, the potatoes came out wonderful ! Thank you Siri.</div>
Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-61160935729448293342014-08-08T23:26:00.003-07:002014-08-08T23:26:49.404-07:00Chasing Beautiful Questions<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>“What if you found
that creative genius does not lie in knowing all of the answers?”</b> That’s how a relatively boring flight to
visit family became an adventure in revamping some of my favorite lessons. As I rapidly approach the beginning of the
school year (for the 40<sup>th</sup> time), I am starting to think of lessons,
activities, and how to motivate my students for yet another year. </div>
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When I started teaching, I felt that my main purpose was to
provide my students with the correct answers to their questions. The problem turned out to be what whatever
was the correct answer to the question one day could very well be the wrong
answer the next day. I also became
troubled by the idea that I was producing clones of myself as my students
adopted my “interpretations” of literature, events, and life, in general. I then started to think about the power of
questions – but not just any questions – the ones that matter and to which we don’t
have the answers.</div>
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About the time I started training teachers, I had given up
on the futile attempt of giving answers and announced to my students that if
they came to my class looking for answers, they would be disappointed because I
had none. Instead, we could spend our
time looking at questions that are interesting and see if we could find some
answers that made sense.</div>
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The article “Chasing Beautiful Questions” started me
thinking of how – forty years later – we are still engaged in providing answers
instead of promoting questions in the classroom. “What is a beautiful question? It’s one that challenges assumptions,
considers new possibilities, and has potential to serve as a catalyst for
action and change.” Organizing our
thinking around what we don’t know is a perfectly plausible way to start each
year, each semester, each day. We can generalize
about our student population, look at census data and test scores, but any
answers we get are more likely to generate more questions rather than point to
a definitive path. </div>
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As teachers, we may feel uncomfortable with the idea of not
having all of the answers and therefore discourage our students from asking too
many “open-ended” questions. It is also
difficult to grade answers when each student is coming up with a different
answer to the same question. We are a
system based on getting the right answer, and that answer needs to be known to
us (the teachers) ahead of time. Thus we
shy away from “beautiful questions” because we are not certain that we have any
beautiful answers. But are beautiful
answers what our students expect from us?
Or do they just want an opportunity to explore their own beautiful
questions and all they want from us is encouragement and a bit of guidance?</div>
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Looking at how innovators come up with new ideas, the
article shows us that questioning is a key to innovative thinking. “To question well and productively requires
stepping back from habits, assumptions, and familiar thoughts; listening to and
closely observing the world around you; being unafraid to ask naïve or
fundamental questions; and being willing to stay with the questions as you
endeavor to understand and act on them.”</div>
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So maybe we need to start focusing on our questions and
challenge our assumptions on a regular basis because, as Warren Berger states
at the end of his article “answers have a way of becoming insufficient or
obsolete over time. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"><b>Only the question endures</b></a>.”</div>
Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-3584316512375291362013-07-22T23:25:00.003-07:002013-07-22T23:25:53.690-07:00Additional Resources AddedSummer always seems to bring not only a time of reflection but a time of "spring cleaning" and preparing for the new school year. For me personally, it is also a time of packing and moving this particular summer...As I have been sorting and resorting, I decided it was time to add some resources to our blog in order to round out our "collections" for teachers.<br />
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That being said, I am distracted from our postings on the Common Core, but will be back commenting in future posts.<br />
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So...some recent additions to the blog include www.wordsift.com under Picture File Cards. Cut and paste a passage and it will lift vocabulary and find sources for images. Great for making chants and poems more comprehensible.<br />
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Tag Galaxy www.taggalaxy.de/ finds images for you when you type in key words, and don't forget both National Geographic www.nationalgeographic.com and National Geographic for Kids Photo Gallery kids.nationalgeographic/kids/photos/gallery/.<br />
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Two other recent picture file card additions include Kitzu - collections from Orange County Dept of Ed. and Calisphere - collections compiled by the University of California.<br />
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Other additions are GLAD units found on school sites like Forest Grove and North Clackamas. Find their links on the right-hand side of our blog...<br />
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And there is MORE!<br />
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I also added the GLAD resource book from Los Angeles Unified School district. Thank you Main Street teachers! It is a handy little booklet of GLAD strategies and pictures of those strategies from different grade levels. Many teachers have commented about how useful this little booklet is.<br />
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And last, but not least...Marcia Brechtel's book -- Bringing It All Together...a handbook on GLAD strategies written by the creator of the model.<br />
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Enjoy!<br />
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<br />Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-39553268273290669702013-07-06T23:56:00.001-07:002013-07-06T23:56:37.619-07:00More Reflections - Common Core and English Language LearnersOne of the reasons my partner and I started this blog several years ago was to provide resources for teachers that we were training in EL strategies, especially since nothing was "out there" for our particular audience at the time. Since then, we developed our website (which is a continuing work in progress) which also lists resources for teachers. Teachers find our sites incredibly helpful, especially when we are doing follow up and/or coaching.<br />
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I was recently reminded of the importance of mentioning authors of resources and links by Larry Ferlazzo, an ESL teacher based in the Sacramento, CA area who posts constantly about what is working or not working in his ESL classroom. He has some of the best sites for ELs listed on his blog site and tweets resources 30-40 times a day, believe it or not! Well, I have yet to get there. :)<br />
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Here is the title of one of his "bests" lists - The Best Resources For Learning About Common Core Standards and English Language Learners. The link is: larryferlazzo.edublogs.org/2011/08/03/the-best-resources-for-learning-about-common-core-standards-english-language-learners/<br />
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I have yet to peruse all of the articles listed on Larry's best list, but will pick out a couple of my favorites for my next posting. Since Common Core is on everyone in the teaching world's minds right now, I think it is an appropriate place to start when thinking about the new year that is fast approaching. Can't believe we are mid-way through the summer already!<br />
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I think another appropriate theme when thinking about the new teaching year and about Common Core is year-long planning--how to develop one and how to then develop units with strong common threads and connections.<br />
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So, thank you Larry Ferlazzo for your lists and fabulous resources and for inspiring me to keep on posting for the teachers and colleagues that I work with! Next post -- continuing with the Common Core and then on to year-long planning....<br />
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<br />Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-17494284111808358472013-06-28T21:45:00.002-07:002013-06-28T21:45:44.451-07:00Reflections<div class="MsoNormal">
One
school year has ended and the next is (hopefully after a time of rest) soon to
begin. Summer is a good time to reflect upon what worked in my classes and what
did not. What will I keep? What will I change? What will I eliminate? What would
I like to tweak or try?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Reflective
practice... is the habitual and judicious use of communication, knowledge,
technical skills, reasoning, emotions, values and reflection in daily practice
for the benefit of the individuals and communities being served. (Epstein and
Hundert, 2002)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Introduced in 1987 by Donald Schon, the
concept of reflective practice is a way for beginning teachers to match their
own practices to those of successful practitioners and for experienced educators
to reflect on the effectiveness of their lessons and to be aware of the need to
change practices and/or direction as their student population changes. As the
concept grew in popularity, many schools, colleges, and departments of
education began designing teacher education and professional development
programs based on this concept. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unfortunately,
in our need to reduce everything to its most basic components so that we can do
it faster and have more people doing it, ended up giving us what Boud and
Walker (1998) refer to as a “checklist” or “reflection on demand” mentality, where
the reflective processes have no link to conceptual frameworks, and teachers
are required to reflect without an established context for their particular
teaching/learning situation. Reflection then becomes just another piece of
“fluff and stuff” that teachers must do in order to maintain their status.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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And
yet…. reflecting on teaching is frequently cited as a fundamental practice for
personal and professional development (Biggs, 2003; Boud et al., 1985; Lyons,
2002), although few see it as more than a time-consuming, abstract concept with
no real practical benefits.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Reflecting
on my practice as a teacher is what allowed me to spend over 40 years in
education without burning out. Teaching
is complex and, as practitioners, we are faced with hundreds of decisions
during our lesson planning as well as during delivery of said lesson. It is the perfect example of “ongoing
assessment” as we are led from the pre-assessment (or what our students know),
to interim assessments (how the lesson is going and what our students are
deriving from it), to summative assessments (what have we accomplished and what
do our students know and are able to do).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The
ability to reflect on what we do, how we do it and, especially, why we do it <b>and then</b> to develop, adapt, and change
our plans to fit our particular student population – a population that is
becoming ever so diverse in its composition and its needs – is what takes us on
the road from newbie to expert. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Why do we need to make time
to reflect now more than ever?</b> <o:p></o:p></div>
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The
major changes in education make it necessary for us to rethink our role as
teachers, to focus on curricular integration, teaching for meaning, interactive
dialogue, socialization, and collaboration within the context of the
classroom. The move from the
teacher-directed classroom has been in the making for many years, and yet we
are, on a daily basis, bombarded by models, programs, and books that take away
our ability to interact with our teaching environment and our students, by
providing us with canned and scripted lessons that are only superficially
interactive or meaningful.<o:p></o:p></div>
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If excellence
in teaching, and improved educational outcomes for all students is what we
aspire to achieve, then we need to regularly make time to evaluate our
approaches to teaching and learning.
This includes knowing WHO are our students are and what their needs are;
building partnerships within our schools, communities and businesses; establishing
flexible learning environments utilizing those partnerships; creating new contexts
for learning and revamping the old ones; and exploring what our students need
to learn and how best to expose them to that learning.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Critical
reflection allows us to become expert teachers, relying on a large set of
skills and strategies that we often weave into our teaching instinctively. Reflection allows us to look back at our
choices and actions to remind us that they are based on sound educational
principles and the knowledge that we have of our students. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-19486147831209430912013-05-14T14:33:00.002-07:002013-05-14T14:33:34.718-07:00Another Game SiteWe've added a new game site to our resources listed on the right-hand side of our blog. This site is a great source for creating board games with your students. Enjoy!Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-12352746433091668192013-04-19T22:48:00.000-07:002013-04-19T22:48:23.544-07:00GamesHi Everyone!<br />
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We have a new category of links posted on our blog on the right-hand side....ESL games. Take a look and let us know your favorites.Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-4269513468426313722013-04-12T23:24:00.002-07:002013-04-12T23:24:42.561-07:00Chant Writing<!--StartFragment-->
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In case some of you want to try your hand at writing chants, start with the niehs website. On that website,
there is a section on games and songs. That is where you'll find the MIDI
files for the music. Here is the direct link to that part of the website:<br />
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http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/games/songs/index.htm<br />
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When writing a chant, start by pulling out the academic information from text or content-area. Make sure you have all the vocabulary words that need to
be included. Try NOT to write things down in complete sentences so that you have the flexibility of using whatever music is available. </div>
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<br />Then select the music by sampling the MIDI files on the NIEHS website. The children's songs and popular songs are good places to start. (If you are teaching adult students, these are the songs that they will probably be exposed to from their children. This
adds a "culture" component to the activity.)<br />
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Finally, go to RhymeZone and get to writing. Switch the words around
to make the best rhymes, but songs don't always have to rhyme if they have
rhythm. <br />
<br />Hope this is helpful!</div>
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Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-71037376558256540412013-02-16T23:35:00.002-08:002013-02-16T23:35:49.817-08:00Flipped Classroom - Part 2 (Reflections)<!--StartFragment-->
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<div class="ListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>The
flipped classroom was definitely a success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My lectures were more focused and shorter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students were able to go through the
material at their own pace. Students who were more familiar with the content or
were already teaching could go through the lecture at a faster pace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students who were not native speakers
of English could take their time and look up words they did not understand. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They could also check in their book and
in the other resources for explanations of the concepts.</div>
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2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Students
found the forums time-consuming at first but in the end said that they were
valuable as a tool for getting to know each other, applying the concepts that
they had learned, exchanging ideas with their peers, and it also provided a
valuable assessment tool for me.</div>
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3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>The
classroom discussions and activities were the big winners. Having the students
come prepared for discussions (and me not having to do a long lecture) allowed
plenty of time for group activities which then afforded me the time to listen
in, and pose questions as an informal assessment.</div>
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4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I felt
that my assessments were varied enough to allow each student to excel in the
class regardless of their learning modality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the end of the course, I was able to assess my students’
ability to: a) comprehend the text, b) apply the principles to their student
population, c) lead and participate in discussions, and d) participate in a
group activity with an oral component.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The forums and journals also allowed me to assess writing expression and
ability.</div>
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Feedback from my students and self-reflection gave me some
ideas of what I would do differently the next time I teach my course. </div>
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1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>The
most difficult thing for me to do was to let go of control. Feedback from my
students said that the sessions where I felt the need to go over the lecture
notes again were the least interesting. I must trust that my students will do
what they need to do in order to come to class prepared.</div>
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2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I
definitely need to rework my syllabus so that students know exactly what they
need to prepare before coming to class, what they need to be prepared to do in
class, and what is expected of them after class.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The timeline for preparation, discussion and activities, and
responding to the forums needs to be more explicit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is something that can also be addressed by changing the
format of my school website.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Right
now, it is mostly a list of resources followed by links for assignments.</div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Although
I like the discussions and activities as I have prepared them, I would like to
continue to refine them so that they become a better assessment tool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would also like to look for alternate
assignments so that students have a choice in tasks and projects.</div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>The
final change is technical in nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I’d like to make my presentation more visually appealing by including
short video clips, using the tools available through the Faculte Studio, and
providing additional assistance via the Q & A capability of the
website.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My school website also
allows for self-paced quizzes to ensure that students have gotten the correct
information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would not use them
for grading, but they would allow students to gauge their level of
comprehension of the topic and ask questions for clarification.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am also looking forward to getting ideas from the book I
purchased as well as from the many websites available on the topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all this time, I’m still learning
and still loving it<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>! </div>
<!--EndFragment-->
Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-82688387026611138722013-01-28T23:13:00.002-08:002013-01-28T23:13:28.884-08:00The Times They Are A-Changin' (Part 1 - Flipped Classroom Reflections)<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
(by Dr. Alva Lefevre - the "L" in L&M Educational Consulting)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’ve been teaching for what seems to be a very long
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve studied the research,
practiced the strategies, and gathered a lot of information about my students.
Some things worked and, over time, became part of my repertoire and others fell
flat and eventually disappeared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
tried models; didn’t like them; and finally realized that I must redefine the
way I teach with each new group of students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am presently teaching a course titled “Theories of Second
Language Acquisition” at the university level and my students often joke that
the name alone is enough to put you to sleep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the last several years, parts of my course have been
moving online making it a “hybrid”, with some sessions taking place on campus
and others being in an online format (asynchronous).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Embracing technology was not hard. Learning to live with it
was another matter.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was already a challenge to get to know my students when
the course met on campus, as it only met once a week for a three-hour session
and the “lecture” took up much of it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Every quarter, my students would fill out an evaluation and tell me that
the “best” part of the course was when they could discuss the materials with
their peers and the class activities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As much as I longed to be the "guide on the side", I almost
always ended up being the "sage on the stage".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a very scary notion as I
recalled my graduate school days of desperately trying to stay awake through
boring lectures after a long day working. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Because the material can be overwhelming and I wanted my
students to be ready to apply their knowledge when they took the methodology
course, I spent a good part of each session explaining the theories, showing
how the concepts would apply to the classroom, and I tried to challenge my
students to figure out how the application would change depending on their
teaching environment and their particular student population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That didn’t always leave much time for
activities and discussion and I would find myself rushing through a lecture to
make time for the activities only to find out that not all students had
understood the material. With my class composition being half native English
speakers and half speakers of other languages; I felt that the pace was too
slow for some and too fast for the rest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The activities and discussions were fun; but not always fruitful from my
perspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The students enjoyed
them but were not always closer to understanding the theories or how they
influenced curriculum design.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When I started to hear about the “flipped classroom”, I
thought it made a lot of sense for me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>My students were motivated; and, for the most part, already used to
having technology facilitate their learning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the concept was not totally new, it intrigued me
and I felt I was ready do things differently and to use technology as a
teaching and learning tool rather than just as a way to access information and
materials.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Flipping my classroom would entail having the
"lecture" done at home via teacher-created presentations and having
the class time used for activities and discussions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This would give the students time in class to work on key
learning activities and would provide a means to increase interaction and
personalized contact between teacher and students.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The idea of the flipped classroom also appealed to me because
it was a blending of direct instruction with constructivist learning and it
catered to the three distinct roles in constructivism: the active learner, the
social learner, and the creative learner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Flipping my classroom would allow all three to flourish. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Students would be able to listen to a short lecture
presentation at home, at their own pace, and read the additional
materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would come to
class prepared to discuss the topic and to participate in group
activities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the classroom discussions, the students take an
active role. Instead of just listening to the lecture and taking notes, reading
the textbook and answering questions; they discuss ideas, debate hypotheses,
investigate and design instruction as they begin to formulate ideas about their
potential student population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
group activities also bring into play the social learner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Knowledge and understanding are
constructed through dialogue with others and through the application to
real-life scenarios. Finally, as creative learners, students examine their
potential population and make educated guesses as to how the theories would
apply to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This engages them
in a discovery process and yields deeper understanding as they learn to make
connections between the theories and their “real” environment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s one way of engaging learners in an
active problem-solving exercise that connects the knowledge they are acquiring
with a real world application.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Putting my plan into action meant that I needed to focus my
lectures so that, in recorded form, they would not be longer than thirty
minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also meant that all
ancillary materials had to either expand my students’ knowledge of the topic or
lead them to make connections with other concepts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At all times, they needed to be brought back to their
potential student population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Packaging and narrating the presentations was time-consuming
but received a thumbs-up from my students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The discussions and activities were successful and it seemed
that, from the formative and summative assessments, my students had a deeper
understanding of how theory and application connected with students and
classroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the second part of this blog, I would like to look at
what worked in more depth and analyzed what needs to change – the how and the
why.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have found that there are
many resources on the internet about the flipped classroom and that they can be
as individual as we are.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A good
reference is : <a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<em><a href="http://shop.ascd.org/Default.aspx?TabID=55&ProductId=63037985&gclid=CNWX56nvhbECFUff4AodOQ05HA">Flip
Your Classroom: Reach Every Student in Every Class Every Day</a></em>, by
flipped classroom pioneers Aaron Sams and Jonathan Bergmann, <em>is available
through ASCD</em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->
Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-82508282494758730862012-08-04T10:03:00.002-07:002012-08-04T10:03:52.679-07:00Fun and Games (continued) - Student Engagement<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
With summer almost gone, it’s time to scour the ads for school
supplies and to gear up for the new school year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The beginning of school always brings up conflicting
emotions for me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First and
foremost, the excitement and anticipation of meeting new students and trying
new lessons, but also the anxiety of trying to meet so many new needs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Continuing with the trend of Fun and Games and with the
understanding that engagement comes when students feel a connection with what
they’re learning, here are some ideas gathered from two sources that inspired
me this summer: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>David Warlick’s Smartbrief identified “four qualities of
gaming and social networking experiences that provoke active and deliberate
investment from the learner, into what they’re learning.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He cites:</div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Responsiveness (“Choices work or don’t, but everything gets
feedback”); </div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Collaboration (Learners discuss and build off one other
to participate and achieve);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Personal Meaningfulness (quantifiable value and rewards
(unlocking new levels, getting likes or comments), and player and participant
identities are valued); </div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Guided Learning in a Safe Environment (Players and
participants learn from what works and what doesn’t and adapt their
strategy).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Sounds
familiar?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are the building blocks of a
successful classroom. The final question: “What would happen if students and
teachers were free to play with learning?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>filled me with new energy and enthusiasm as I started to
work on my Fall Syllabus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i>The
Art and Science of Teaching</i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by Robert Marzano identifies five
common factors related to student engagement:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i>High Energy</i><span style="font-style: normal;">—Teachers
can use physical activity, appropriate pacing, and communication of enthusiasm
and intensity in working with students to promote engagement and motivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i>Missing Information</i><span style="font-style: normal;">—Teachers
can capitalize on the innate human need for closure by asking students to
discover and supply missing information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i>The Self-System</i><span style="font-style: normal;">—Effective
engagement of students also involves incorporating topics, ideas, and processes
that students find inherently interesting and valuable to them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i>Mild Pressure</i><span style="font-style: normal;">—When
students experience mild pressure while engaging in such activities as
questioning, games, and competitions, they tend to focus their attention on key
elements of the learning process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i>Mild Controversy and Competition</i><span style="font-style: normal;">—Teachers can structure and manage non-threatening
forms of controversy and competition through such processes as debates,
tournaments, and related forms of team-based activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
(Source
is ASCD Website)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Module
13 focuses on the use of games and other forms of non-threatening competition
as catalysts for promoting student engagement and Modules 14 and 15 present
strategies based on these five factors that teachers can use to engage
students.<o:p></o:p></div>Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-9308114059729560202012-07-21T23:10:00.002-07:002012-07-21T23:10:57.730-07:00More Games and ActivitiesHere's another link to ESL games: http://www.manythings.org/e/abc.html. This is the alphabetical list on the "Many Things" website. The idioms and slang sections are a great reference for intermediate proficiency level students.Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-44037816025668646052012-07-14T22:01:00.001-07:002012-07-14T22:05:14.919-07:00Games and Activities 2 - Review of Instant Poetry FormsHi Everyone!<br />
<br />
I have been taking some time to play with the Instant Poetry Forms (especially since I am writing some poetry for some world languages units :) ). It is listed under poetry resources on the right-hand side of our blog. I know that we had some interest in this site before, but I thought it would be worthwhile to remind you all of how fun these are! There are a ton of poetry frames. Here's one from my daughter that she wrote about her new beta fish:<br />
<br />
I am a beta fish blue as an ocean.<br />
I swim through my log.<br />
I eat freeze-dried worms.<br />
I can play guitar on my fins.<br />
I can stare at my best buddy, Liv.<br />
I am a beta fish.<br />
<br />
Try some of the forms out and post them here or on our Facebook page!<br />
<br />
Also, I just visited the New Mexico Chant Bank to see if I could find some inspiration for my own writing. They have a TON of new poems posted since I last checked them out (which was several months ago at least) . I like that you can add your own chants/poetry to the bank, too. Please take a minute to visit their site and let us know what you think.Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-57489542533489986752012-07-07T14:19:00.002-07:002012-07-07T14:19:48.299-07:00July Focus - Games and ActivitiesHello everyone! Since summer is in full swing, we decided to make our focus for July -- games and activities.<br />
<br />
Here are a couple of links for you. The first one has thematic crossword puzzles that you might enjoy: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">http://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span></span></span> The second one fun matching games:<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vocabulary.co.il/" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">http://www.vocabulary.co.il/</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">Have fun and let us know which ones you like best!!</span></span>Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-38412203959729974422012-06-29T09:12:00.003-07:002012-06-29T09:12:58.543-07:00Pat Wolfe - Mind Matters (Resource)Can't believe it is the end of June already! Time flies...<br />
<br />
We have already posted Pat Wolfe's "Mind Matters" site on the right-hand side of our blog, but here is a page within her site that posts brain research related articles:<br />
<br />
http://patwolfe.com/articles-about-the-brain/<br />
<br />
Happy reading!!Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-73646884265458386742012-06-22T15:33:00.004-07:002012-06-23T12:17:31.524-07:00Creative Problem-Solving - A Whole Brain ActivityIn this article, Ben Johnson talks about the Common Core and how the new standards address problem-solving. How is this related to brain research as it applies to our students? Creatively solving problems is a whole brain activity. And just what does problem-solving entail? According to Johnson, "a problem must be compelling enough to require a solution. The solution to a problem must be believable, plausible and doable." And furthermore, "a solution to a problem must be so integrated (like the brain) that the parts and pieces cannot be separated." He ends with a question: How do you get students to solve problems in your classroom? And I would add, what are some of the most compelling problems that your students have solved and what were the resolutions?<br />
<br />
Here is his article for further reading:<br />
<br />
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/common-core-standards-problem-solving-ben-johnson#.T4NoWlEKyTw.emailLaurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-60475980031195575342012-06-15T10:58:00.002-07:002012-06-15T10:58:37.256-07:00Brain Research and the Bilingual Brain<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Dr. Judy Willis is an authority on brain research and how it relates to learning. Here is some of what she says about the "bilingual brain," and some of the implications of the research.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A selective attentive focus and the ability to block out distraction are seminal executive functions that are minimally developed in youngsters. These functions gradually become stronger throughout the years of prefrontal cortex maturation, which last into the twenties. It is with regard to these executive functions that research about the "bilingual brain" is particularly exciting.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The research refers to children raised with a language at home that differs from the dominant language outside the home, such as in school. Compared to monolinguals, the bilingual children develop greater attention focus, distraction resistance, decision-making judgment and responsiveness to feedback. The correlated <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fmri.org/fmri.htm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">fMRI</a> scans of these children reveal more activity in the prefrontal cortex networks that control these executive functions.</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.2857em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.8571em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Exercising Their <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thinking</em> Brains Early and Often</h2>
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The leading explanation for this correlation is the need of bilinguals to frequently "select" which language is needed, what words fit the linguistic criteria and how to convey their intended meaning each time they communicate. To do this, the brain must actively evaluate between the competing language systems and deliberately focus attention on the chosen language.</div>
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The research interpretation of the fMRI and cognitive tests is that the ongoing evaluation and selection process in bilingual children exercises brain circuits which regulate attention control and block distraction. This neural network activation of the executive functions is one suggested explanation for the higher performance in cognitive tests by children who have had five to ten years of bilingual exposure (Bialystok, 2009; Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007). Further studies are investigating whether similar benefits are found in children who have exposure to a second language later in life.</div>
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Implications for Brighter Starts</h2>
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The incoming research supports encouraging parents to retain use of their native language in the home. The implications also raise considerations of what other early exposures and in-school experiences can be designed to promote these executive function activations in all children. What other planned learning activities can be so engaging as to promote the activation and strengthening of young children's developing networks of attentive focus? Should second language instruction begin earlier in elementary school?</div>
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I'll keep you posted as further research becomes available, and I look forward to your contributions to this dialogue.</div>
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Read the rest of the article at:<br />
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/neuroscience-bilingual-brain-judy-willis-mdLaurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-78017960741750252642012-06-08T20:30:00.001-07:002012-06-08T20:30:19.543-07:00Practical Ways Brain-based Research Applies to ESL<div class="Section1">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">Here's Judy Lombardi's article on Brain-based research and how it applies to ESL learners. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">These are exciting times
for ESL teachers. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">W</span>e are in the
midst of a revolution in new teaching and learning strategies, i.e.,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">“…accelerated learning;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>action research;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>applied learning;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>arts
in education;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>character education;
cognitive coaching; cooperative learning; democratic classrooms; emotional
intelligence; environmental education; environments for learning; graphic
tools; instrumental enrichment;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>keeping<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>fit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>learning;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>learning<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>styles;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>literacy;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>multicultural education; multiple intelligences; service learning;
teaching for understanding; technology in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>education;<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>thinking<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/front_strategies.html">skills”(http://ww</a><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><a href="http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/front_strategies.html">w</a></span><a href="http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/front_strategies.html">.newhorizons.org/strategies/front_strategies.html,</a> 2002</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">ESL faculty are infusing
nontraditional types of instructional strategies, from portfolios to case
studies to gallery walks, into their teaching.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Brain-based and second
language acquisition research has taught us, thankfull<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>, that the old school method--assign a chapte<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">r</span>, take a test,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>and discuss the test—will not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>result<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>quality<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>and depth of thought. Our ESL students are not tape recorders, waiting
eagerly to receive our golden nuggets of wisdom. Instead, they are
multi-taskers who can play video games, talk on cell phones, and listen to
music, all without missing a beat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">ESL teachers who want to
update, refresh, and rejuvenate their teaching should apply mind/brain learning
principles, as described by Caine and Caine (1994). These principles can become
the basis of second language teaching and learning at the highest quality
levels:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 507px; z-index: -55;"><img height="3" src="file://localhost/Users/josephmanville/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image003.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031" width="507" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>1.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Brain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Complex Adaptive<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>System.</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The brain can function
on many levels and in many ways simultaneousl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>.
A complex and multifaceted<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>task,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>learning<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">
</span>should<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>approached<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>variety<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>ways.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>For<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>exciting,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>new way<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>look<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>learning<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;">
</span>styles<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>strategies<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>second<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>language<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;">
</span>learners,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>visit<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>Andrew Cohen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s work at the University of Minnesota </span><a href="http://www.carla.umn.edu/about/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">(http://ww<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">w</span>.carla.umn.edu/about/</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">
profiles/CohenPapers/LearningStylesSurve<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>.pdf,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>2003).<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>In<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Levine<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>pivotal work,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>A Mind at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">T</span>ime<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>(2003),<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>recommends<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>transforming<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>verbal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>visual<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>task,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>visual<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>task<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">kinesthetic one.
Challenging the brain, not numbing it with overload, keeps the mind happily
humming<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>essential<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>ESL<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>classroom.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>Activity<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>shifting<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>teaching<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>around<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>the wheel of learning
styles stimulate thought and action in second language learner classrooms.</span></div>
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<span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 507px; z-index: -53;"><img height="3" src="file://localhost/Users/josephmanville/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image004.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033" width="507" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>2.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Brain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Social<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>Brain.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">John<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>Donne<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>got<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>right<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>1684:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>man<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>island.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>brain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>likes<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>responds<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>well<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>to social engagement and
oral sharing. Witness the best-studied of all educational strategies,
cooperative learning. Structuring the task, assigning roles and teams, sharing
of materials, and requiring interdependability of team members are all
essential to quality cooperative learning in the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ESL<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>classroom,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>breathing<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>subjects<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>classes<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>(Johnson,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>Johnson,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>Holubec,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">1994;<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Kagan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>1997).<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Cooperative<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>learning<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>essential<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>role<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>ESL<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>instruction,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>especially in regard to listening and
speaking, and in providing support mechanisms for anxious learners.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Principle 3. The </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Search</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">for</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Meaning</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> Is Innate. </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The brain not only wants
to make sense of what it learns, but also wants to know that learning has<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>purpose<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>value.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Adler<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>believes<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>learn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>things,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>need<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>know them (1998).<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>The search for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>meaning
extends from<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>deep-seated
philosophical questions of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>the
Eriksonian crisis (Who am I? What do I want? Where am I going?) to the
rationale students demand for making sense of assignments. Simply put, the
brain likes explanations. When ESL teachers<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>share<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>students<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>why<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>doing,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>just<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">w</span>,
the brain appreciates it and more deeply values the learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Principle 4. The </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Search</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">for</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Meaning</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Occurs</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> Through Patterning. </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">When<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>brain<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>encounters<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>idea,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;">
</span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>searches<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>prior<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>knowledge<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>experiences
similar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>new concept. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>E<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">f</span>fective<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>ESL<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>teachers use<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>frontloading,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>by integrating graphic organizers, using prediction strategies,
introducing vocabular<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>, conducting
pair-shares, and presenting video clips, to prepare the brain for the new knowledge
to come. Helping second language learners ground new ideas in current knowledge
makes learning meaningful, as they climb the ladder of Bloom<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">T</span>axonomy
of Educational Objectives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Principle 5. Emotions </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Are</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">
</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Critical</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">to</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> Patterning. </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>term<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>“emotional<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>intelligence”<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>coined<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>psychologists<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Mayer<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Peter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Salovey in 1990. The principle of EQ, or
emotional quotient, is described in Daniel Goleman<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s pivotal work, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More
Than IQ (1997). The premise of emotional intelligence is that optimists with e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">f</span>fective people skills are more successful
than individuals with only high IQs or book
smarts but poor interpersonal
skills. Emotional
intelligence<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>champions<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>concept<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>impulse<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>control,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ability<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>delay<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>gratification<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>for a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>greater<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>reward.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>In<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>ESL<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>classroom,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>warm,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>supportive,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>encouraging<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>educational<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>climate is conducive to successful learning outcomes, i.e., using
a variety of teaching strategies and creating lessons that are engaging and
exciting to second language learners.</span></div>
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<span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 34px; position: absolute; width: 507px; z-index: -51;"><img height="3" src="file://localhost/Users/josephmanville/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image005.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1035" width="507" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>6.<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>Every<span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span>Brain<span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span>Simultaneously <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Perceives<span style="letter-spacing: 3.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 3.5pt;"> </span>Creates<span style="letter-spacing: 3.5pt;"> </span>Parts and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Wholes.</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Left-right brain
research is only the beginning of understanding the way the brain divides
learning <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>tasks <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>between <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>verbal <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>visual, <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>analytical <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>global, <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>logical <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>creative.
Successful ESL instructors engage learners in tasks that require both sides of
the brain to engage, e.g., using art to teach a math lesson or music to teach
physics. In ESL classrooms, crossdisciplinary approaches embrace the
multifaceted aspects of the brain and recognize the interaction of both
hemispheres in meaningful learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 4px;"> </span>7.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>Learning<span style="letter-spacing: 3.5pt;"> </span>Involves<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;">
</span>Both<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>Focused<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>Attention<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>Peripheral<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>Perception</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The brain absorbs direct
information, but also pays attention to what Ruggiero calls <span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>fringe
thoughts (2000). Think of a bull<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s
eye on a target: the brain focuses on the central target but also notices the
rings around the bull<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s eye.
Frequentl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>, it is the o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">f</span>f-handed remark, the subtext of a speech,
and the nuances of a lesson that ESL learners respond to, as the mind perceives
subtleties. The ESL instructo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">’</span>s
belief systems and attitudes
toward subjects also come through, no matter how well the instructor thinks they
are hidden from students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle 8. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Learning <span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>Always <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>Involves <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>Both <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>Conscious and<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b>Unconscious<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Processes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">In this iceberg
principle of learning, much of what is learned lies beneath the surface. At the
surface level of awareness, ESL learners discuss and take notes. Deeply
ingrained learning comes<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>late<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>students<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">
</span>digest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>learned,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">
</span>connect<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>experience,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>or apply the knowledge to life events. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">T</span>o bring invisible, unconscious thought alive in the classroom,
ESL instructors use reflection and metacognition, through questioning and
application of learning. How does this knowledge apply? relate? work in
reality?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 507px; z-index: -45;"><img height="3" src="file://localhost/Users/josephmanville/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image008.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040 _x0000_s1041" width="507" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>9.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">W</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>Least<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">T</span>wo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">W</span>ays<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>Organizing<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>Memor<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">y</span>.</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 8px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Theories on long-term
and short-term memory have been around since the 1960s. Caine and Caine<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>(1994)<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>refer<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>neuropsychology<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>memory<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>systems<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>described<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>O’Keefe<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>and Nadel (1978) as taxon/locale and spatial/autobiographical. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">T</span>axon/locale memor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>, motivated by rewards and punishments, recalls seemingly
unrelated information. Spatial/autobiographical memory<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>recalls<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>experiences<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>instantl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>shirt<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>wore<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>yesterday<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>(Caine<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>&<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Caine,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">1994). These two types
of memory help ESL learners record completely all their experiences, as<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>important<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>unimportant<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>details<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>get<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>categorized<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>stored<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">f</span>ferentl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;">y</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>ESL<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>instructors can attend to both types of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>memory by organizing activities into
meaningful parts,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>placing ideas in
context, and infusing a range of learning styles and multiple intelligences
into classroom practice.</span></div>
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<span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 507px; z-index: -43;"><img height="3" src="file://localhost/Users/josephmanville/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image009.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042 _x0000_s1043" width="507" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>10.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Learning<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>Developmental.</b></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">While the brain is
hard-wired by genetics and certain environmental aspects, the good news is that<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Scheibel<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Diamond<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dendritic<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>fireworks<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>theory<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>1980s<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>links<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>brain<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>enhancement to environmental enrichment.
Learning something new actually helps the brain to grow by building ne<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">w</span>, neural pathways
and connections. ESL instructors
take advantage of this research by applying a myriad of new learning
strategies to their second language learner classrooms, including all the
modalities of learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">1</span>1.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Complex<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>Learning<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span>Is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>Enhanced<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Challenge<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>Inhibited <u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">by</u><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Threat.</u><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">At what level should we
teach our ESL students? If we teach beneath them, they are insulted and
understimulated. If we teach at their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>level,
we teach them<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>in their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>comfort zone, where they do not learn
much. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">T</span>eaching at a slightly
elevated level, challenging but not impossible, encourages our students to
strive. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">T</span>oday<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s learning climate in the ESL classroom is
more e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">f</span>fective as a partnership, not
a them vs. us situation of intimidation and gamesmanship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 53px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 507px; z-index: -41;"><img height="3" src="file://localhost/Users/josephmanville/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image010.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044 _x0000_s1045" width="507" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b>Principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>12.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Every<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Brain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>Uniquely<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Organized.</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Levine<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">’</span>s The Myth of Laziness (2002) chronicles
the frustration and attitudinal problems that stem from unaddressed dysfunction
in learners. Gardne<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">’</span>s multiple intelligences theory (1993),
which<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>challenges<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>traditional<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>notions<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>single,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>fixed<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;">
</span>IQ,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>emphasizes<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>how<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>smart<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;">
</span>the learner is, but how the learner is smart. Given the right kind of
assistance in organizing their learning through work plans, alternative
approaches, and assignment previews, ESL students can improve their skills and
attitudes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;">Summary</u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> </u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><b><u style="text-underline: #999999 dotted;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.35pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">oday's ESL students have little
patience with long-winded lecturing and a lack of dialogue in the classroom.
ESL students must be invited into the excitement of learning, through
strategies that honor the amazing power of the brain </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;">and the unbridled
energy of the human spirit.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://iteslj.org/Articles/Lombardi-BrainResearch.html">http://iteslj.org/Articles/Lombardi-BrainResearch.html</a> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (References are listed in the original article.)</span></span><br />
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</div>Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-87805239631226024602012-06-01T11:32:00.002-07:002012-06-01T11:32:55.945-07:00Teachers As Brain Changers - Great Article!<br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Publishe</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Online</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Decembe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">20</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">201</span>1</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; vertical-align: -0.5px;"><b>Complet</b></span><span style="vertical-align: -0.5px;"><b>e</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px; vertical-align: -0.5px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; vertical-align: -0.5px;"><b>Coverag</b></span><span style="vertical-align: -0.5px;"><b>e</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px; vertical-align: -0.5px;"><b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Teacher</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>a</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Brain-Changers</b></span><b>:</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Neuroscienc</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>an</b></span><b>d</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Learnin</b></span><b>g</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>B</b></span><b>y</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Wend</b></span><b>i</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Pillar</b></span><b>s</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I'</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">armchai</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscientist</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">leas</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ov</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -2.8px;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font: 9.5px Times New Roman; vertical-align: -5.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">functions</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">what</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">recen</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">finding</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mea</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">actic</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teache</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Bridgin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">researc</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">finding</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">realitie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the classroom</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">howe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fa</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">easie</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sai</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">done</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">In additio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">vigatin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">dail</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">challenge</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">our work</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">distinguis</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">trend</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">"research-based</span>" <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">claim</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ai</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fro</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thos</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">grounde</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">legitimat</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscientifi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">findings</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">An</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">av</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">figur</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">appl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">we'</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learned. Siftin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">throug</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thes</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">claim</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">understan</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thei</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">origin</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">precisel</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">goa</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">curren</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">research</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">emembe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">whe</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">nv</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">entiona</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">scienc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wisdo</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">claime</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">av</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ag</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">perso</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">coul</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">lear</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">and</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">retai</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">se</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">chunk</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">informatio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">time</span>?<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(Hence</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">se</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">en-digi</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">phon</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">numbe</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">protocol.</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3px;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ell</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">recen</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscientifi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">finding</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">av</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">determine</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">cogniti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">capaci</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">t</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">actuall</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">jus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thre</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">items.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">good</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">force</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teacher</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">narro</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">hon</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">objecti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">es</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">determin</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mos</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">importan</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">decision</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">throughou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Bu</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">als</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ov</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">erwhelming—li</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">possibl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">hel</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">maste</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">extensi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">bod</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tent whe</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">onl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">lear</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">suc</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">smal</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">chunks?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">eepin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">particula</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">finding</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">her</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thre</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">critica</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">awa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ee</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">coming acros</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">lite</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">atur</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscienc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teaching.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>#1</b></span><b>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Teacher</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>are</b></span><b>,</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>i</b></span><b>n</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>essence</b></span><b>,</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>brai</b></span><b>n</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>changers</b></span><b>.</b></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3px;">W</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">onl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">professional</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">whos</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">jo</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ysicall</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">alte</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">child'</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ai</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">how Jud</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Willis</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">accomplishe</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscientis</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">-turned-teache</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">refer</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teacher'</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wor</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">for</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">of "bloodles</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ai</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">surger</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">.</span>"</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Here'</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">happen</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">basi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">le</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">el</span>:</div>
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•<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">chil</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">informatio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">throug</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">he</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sensor</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">hwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">he</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ai</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">h</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">decisio</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ee</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">knowledge</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">integ</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ati</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">proces</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ov</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sens</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">that</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sh</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sleeps</span>.</div>
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•<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">consolidatio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">occur</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">whe</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuron</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ansmi</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">message</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">on</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">anothe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mess</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ges</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">cros</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">microscopi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">chasm</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">betwee</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neurons—laboriousl</span>y <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">first</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">quickl</span>y <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">eac</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">subsequen</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">momen</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">access.</span></div>
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•<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">entuall</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connecte</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">se</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">point</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">withi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">dense</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">dense</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">we</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">of neurons</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">easin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">informatio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">retrie</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">proces</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">consciou</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learne</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">A</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teachers</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">understan</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neu</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">hwa</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ne</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">woods</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">The mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">frequentl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neu</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">hwa</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">av</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">eled</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fewe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">obstacles</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">greate</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">its capaci</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">smoothe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">faste</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">becomes.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mean</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">hel</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">prio</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">experiences</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">knowledge, an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learning</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">—</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">othe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">curricula</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">areas</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">class</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ysicall</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">alterin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">students</span>'<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">b</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">creatin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">strengthening neu</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">hwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ys.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Knowin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">this</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">become</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">al</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">crucia</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">maximi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">z</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">opportunitie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">durin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b>1,26</b></span><span style="color: #336699;"><b>0</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px color: #336699;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b>hour</b></span><span style="color: #336699;"><b>s</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px color: #336699;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">durin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">schoo</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ea</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Studie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teacher</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">spen</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">9</span>0<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">percen</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">plannin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tim</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ensurin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">lesson</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sense</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3px;">W</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ten</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">spen</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fa</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">les</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">plannin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tim</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">(abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">1</span>0<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">percent</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">establishin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">h</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">rele</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ance o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">lesso</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">previou</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">futur</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learning</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Bu</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscientifi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">finding</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">indicat</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">rele</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">anc</span>e</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">—lin</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">emotion—i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">particularl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">important.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">eflectin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ow</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teaching</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">se</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">it'</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">importan</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">engag</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ang</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sensor</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">hwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ys mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">consistentl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">vid</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explici</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">implici</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">opportunitie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">recogni</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">z</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connections.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>#2</b></span><b>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Th</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>on</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>whos</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>neura</b></span><b>l</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>pathway</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>ar</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>changin</b></span><b>g</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>i</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>th</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>on</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>doin</b></span><b>g</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>th</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>learning.</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Sel</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">-evident</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">right</span>?<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">admi</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">that</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">initiall</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">jus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thought</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">"</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3px;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ell</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">duh!</span>"<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Bu</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">reflecte</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">honestl</span>y <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ow</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">classroom</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">bega</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">se</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mindse</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neede</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">shift</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">doin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">to</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">muc</span>h</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wron</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">kin</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">—makin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">to</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">muc</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explici</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">to</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">quickl</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">athe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">plannin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">opportunitie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">hel</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">themsel</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">es</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">S</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">n</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">area</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learni</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">coul</span>d <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">owne</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">b</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">students</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">robbin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">experience</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">eithe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tota</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">part</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Wha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">bes</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">suppor</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ownershi</span>p,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">desig</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tur</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ov</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the students</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">accordin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscience</span>?<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">bi</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">idea</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">supporte</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">b</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">finding</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ai</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pleasur</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">junkie</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">—</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">patter</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">junkie</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">S</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I'</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">findin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">brin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">laughte</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">and pleasur</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">int</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">classroo</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">creatin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pl</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">yfu</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learn</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I'</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">als</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">integ</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">atin</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">opportunitie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wor</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">patterns</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sortin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">inte</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">actin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the relationship</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">amon</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">data</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">concepts</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">experiences.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>#3</b></span><b>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>Critica</b></span><b>l</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>thinkin</b></span><b>g</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>i</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>mor</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>importan</b></span><b>t</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>tha</b></span><b>n</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>ever—whic</b></span><b>h</b><span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>mean</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>w</b></span><b>e</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>expec</b></span><b>t</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>differen</b></span><b>t </b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>result</b></span><b>s</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>fro</b></span><b>m</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>learning.</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Scholar</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b>Ton</b></span><span style="color: #336699;"><b>y</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px color: #336699;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b>Wagner</b></span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b>Danie</b></span><span style="color: #336699;"><b>l</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px color: #336699;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b>Willingham</b></span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">other</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">inn</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ator</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">futur</span>e</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wil</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wh</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">formulat</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">"righ</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">questions,</span>"<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sif</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">throug</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ov</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">erwhelmin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">amount</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">of information</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">clearl</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">communicat</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">knowledg</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">av</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">recombine</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">origina</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ys</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Wha</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscienc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">elopin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">students</span>'<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">critica</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thinkin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">skills</span>?<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">changin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">approac</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teachin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learning</span>?</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">A</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mentioned</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">elop</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">-expandin</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">networ</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neu</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">withi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Whe</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">actic</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">highe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">-orde</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thinking</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">—</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">whe</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">questio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">initia</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">assumption o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">answe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">furthe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">—mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">connection</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">hwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">create</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">This als</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">occur</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">whe</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abl</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">recombin</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thei</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ne</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">knowledg</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">they'</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learne</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">past</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I'</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">reali</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">nee</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">vid</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">opportunitie</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">m</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">student</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">inquiry process</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thei</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">nex</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">le</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">el</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">where</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">be</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">necessitate</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teachin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">the</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">inquir</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">comfortabl</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">takin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">risks</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9px;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">echnolog</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ca</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">hel</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">us creat</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thes</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">opportunities</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Bu</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">informatio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">useles</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">unles</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">share</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">explore</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">effecti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">el</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">so w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teacher</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mus</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">continu</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">foste</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">communicatio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 3.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">skill</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">relationship</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">al</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">o</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">eadin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">al</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fro</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">neuroscientifi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">perspecti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learnin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">proces</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">see</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">concret</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">reassure</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">don'</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">nee</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">sc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">erythin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">kno</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">effecti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teaching</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">I</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fact</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">n</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">alread</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">approac</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teachin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">y</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">consisten</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">with neuroscientifi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 3.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">findings—bu</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">knowin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">mor</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ho</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">students</span>'<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">functio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">hel</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">us fine-tun</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">d</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">an</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">remin</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">consisten</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wit</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">thos</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">idea</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain-friendl</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8px;">y</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">perspecti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">als</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">emphasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">learne</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">athe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teache</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">r—</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">reminde</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">we</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">woul</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">al</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">d</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">wel</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">heed</span>.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">A</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Willis</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teache</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">-neuroscientis</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ys</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">"Thi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">no</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">me</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">it'</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">no</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">abou</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ou</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">it'</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">about th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">missio</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">teachin</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">wa</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">tha</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">change</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">ain</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fo</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">th</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">bette</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2px;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">.</span>"</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Wend</i></span><i>i</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Pillar</i></span><i>s</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>i</i></span><i>s</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"><i> </i></span><i>a</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Nationa</i></span><i>l</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Board-certifie</i></span><i>d</i><span style="letter-spacing: 3.3px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Teache</i></span><i>r</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>i</i></span><i>n</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>English-languag</i></span><i>e </i><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>learning</i></span><i>,</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>an</i></span><i>d</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><i> </i></span><i>a</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>member o</i></span><i>f</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>th</i></span><i>e</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b><i>Teache</i></b></span><span style="color: #336699;"><b><i>r</i></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px color: #336699;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b><i>Leader</i></b></span><span style="color: #336699;"><b><i>s</i></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px color: #336699;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px color: #336699;"><b><i>Networ</i></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px color: #336699;"><b><i>k</i></b></span><i>.</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Sh</i></span><i>e</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>ha</i></span><i>s</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>1</i></span><i>5</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>year</i></span><i>s</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>o</i></span><i>f</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>teachin</i></span><i>g</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>experience</i></span><i>,</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.8px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>bot</i></span><i>h</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>oversea</i></span><i>s </i><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>an</i></span><i>d</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>stateside</i></span><i>.</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>Sh</i></span><i>e</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>ha</i></span><i>s</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>previousl</i></span><i>y</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.7px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>writte</i></span><i>n</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>abou</i></span><i>t</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>neurotoxin</i></span><i>s</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.9px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>an</i></span><i>d</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>thei</i></span><i>r</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.9px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>impac</i></span><i>t</i><span style="letter-spacing: 2.1px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>o</i></span><i>n</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>th</i></span><i>e</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1.6px;"><i> </i></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>learnin</i></span><i>g </i><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><i>brain.</i></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>WE</b></span><b>B</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0px;"><b> </b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>ONL</b></span><b>Y</b></div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-16257392628822272772012-05-24T19:50:00.001-07:002012-05-25T05:59:28.952-07:00Student Engagement - Part 3<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Here are 3 steps (out of 10) to better student engagement according to math teacher and mentor Tristan De Frondeville. (His article originally posted on Edutopia: http://www.edutopia.org/project-learning-teaching-strategies.)</span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Create an Emotionally Safe Classroom</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Students who have been shamed or belittled by the teacher or another student will not effectively engage in challenging tasks. Consider having a rule such as "We do not put others downs, tell others to shut up, or laugh at people." Apply it to yourself as well as your students. This is the foundation of a supportive, collaborative learning environment. To learn and grow, one must take risks, but most people will not take risks in an emotionally unsafe environment.</span></div>
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Create a Culture of Explanation Instead of a Culture of the Right Answer</span></span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">You know you have created a rich learning event when all students are engaged in arguing about the best approach to the assignment. When you use questions and problems that allow for multiple strategies to reach a successful outcome, you give students the opportunity to make choices and then compare their approaches. This strategy challenges them to operate at a higher level of thinking than when they can share only the "correct" answer. Avidly collect problems and tasks that have multiple paths to a solution. As a math teacher, I create problems that have a lot of numbers instead of the usual two. For example, I can present this problem:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 + 13 + 24 - 8 + 47 - 12 + 59 - 31 - 5 + 9 - 46 - 23 + 32 - 60</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Then I can say, "There are at least three fundamentally different strategies for doing the following problem. Can you find them all?"</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Practice Using the Design Process to Increase the Quality of Work</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Students in school get used to doing work at a consistent level of quality. Unfortunately, low-performing students get used to doing poor-quality work. To help them break the habit, use a draft-and-revision process.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Many professionals use such a design process to increase the quality of their work. Engineers build prototypes, respond to critical feedback, and refine their design before going into production. Artists make sketches of big works and revise their ideas before creating their final piece. Use the design process to drive your students to produce higher-quality work than they are used to doing when they create only a first effort. Include peer evaluation as part of the feedback they receive.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">If I quickly summarize the three, I think of risk-free (or low risk), metacognitive, and zone or flow. I appreciate all three in classes that I have taken, and especially enjoy the design process. It reminds me of one of my favorite classes called Story Analysis run out of UCLA extension's screenwriting certificate program. My teacher, Barney (can't remember his last name), was passionate about exposing us to films that caused viewers to be in "the zone." You know, the movies that take you to a different place or time. You don't even think about the dialogue, acting, music because it is so well crafted. We were challenged to find stories that could take viewers to that place. I loved that class! It motivates me to create inspiring classes of my own.</span></span></span></span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">How about you? What are some examples of favorite in-zone classes that you have taken or been a part of?</span></div>Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-76710646263152805752012-05-18T10:04:00.000-07:002012-05-18T10:04:00.215-07:00Student Engagement - Optimal Learning Experiences<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Here's some more insight into "flow" and what it means to be in that creative, imaginative place both individually and within a small group. How could making "optimal learning" the priority in classrooms and schools make a difference? The short term effects are evident at the Key Learning Community School in Indianapolis. But, what about long term effects? What about mentoring students through "optimal learning" so that their interests and gifts match a future career?</span></h1>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Ph.D., a psychologist and author of the book, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, was recently interviewed by Edutopia about "optimal learning experiences," and about the Key Learning Community school. Here is an excerpt:</span></h1>
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What kinds of school activities are most (or least) likely to promote flow?</h2>
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If you think of where kids have most flow in school, it's mostly in extracurricular activities like band, music, athletics, newspaper. In addition, if you look at academic classes, they would report flow especially when they work on team projects. That's the most enjoyable part of school. Next comes working on your own on a project and you can go down and the lowest one [in promoting flow] is listening to a lecture and audio/visual. Anything that involves them, that has goals where they can try to achieve, solve a problem, or do something it's going to be much more likely to produce flow.</div>
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And an example of a school whose primary focus and mission is "optimal learning:"</div>
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Can you describe a school that has succeeded in promoting flow?</h2>
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<a href="http://www.edutopia.org/key-to-learning-place-for-meaningful-academic-exploration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Key Learning Community</a> in Indianapolis that you probably are also studying, they have tried very self-consciously also to include flow into their teaching methods and, I think, very successfully. Essentially, they do it in two different ways. One is that they have a space that is called the "Flow Room" where students can spend at least an hour a week to explore new materials and they don't have to do anything except get involved with whatever they are interested in doing. And this is one of the favorite spaces in the school for kids.</div>
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But more importantly, every teacher, whether they teach German or music or mathematics, is aware of how important it is for the kid to experience flow while learning because that would make them want to learn more. Teachers are trying to translate their own subject matter into ways the kid can become really involved immediately and they get clear goals and feedback and they get the challenge matched to their ability. That makes everyday learning hopefully much more motivating to the child so that they will look forward to the lesson rather than be afraid or bored by it.</div>
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Have you observed any especially innovative practices at The Key Learning Community?</h2>
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One thing that the Key School did from the beginning was to hire a video technician and a video camera and they interviewed and videotaped every child at the beginning of the school year, asking them why they wanted to go school, what they hoped to achieve at the end of that year. And for the rest of the year, whatever project the kid was involved in got on the same tape. At the end of the year, the child could have a documentary of what he wanted to accomplish and what actually did happen. Now, to me, -- you know, you say, well, so what? -- I think psychologically, it's a very important thing because you are putting the responsibility for learning on the child. They are responsible for what they're going to learn.</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">What lessons can be learned from the success of the Key Learning Community?</span></h5>
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The neat thing is that the eight teachers who started the Key schools were not really special in any way. They were typical, good, public school teachers who just were so tired of battling against inefficiency of the regular schools that they banded together to start something new. They were able to pull something out that is very rare, namely, they created an environment where kids love to learn, where you walk into school and you see them laughing and happy in a way that you rarely see them in school and involved in their serious stuff, they're doing very, very interesting projects.</div>
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So it's possible, but you need to have that kind of focus, single-minded determination that these eight people have because otherwise, it won't happen by itself. And throwing money at it is not necessarily going to help either, unless you give money to people who have that determination already.<br />
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The entire article is here: http://www.edutopia.org/mihaly-csikszentmihalyi-motivating-people-learn</div>
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</div>Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-27059773557100528182012-05-11T18:34:00.000-07:002012-05-11T18:34:03.730-07:00Student Engagement - Flow<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">As a very good friend of mine says "good lessons merge meaningful content with engaging lessons." Can you remember a recent time when you were experiencing what Elena Aguilar calls "flow?" -- Working creatively with no concern for time passing? When was the last time we experienced this with our students? Aguilar challenges us to do just that and that doing so would transform our classrooms. What are your ideas about "flow?"</span></span></h1>
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Beyond Student Engagement: Achieving a State of Flow</h1>
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<i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A former teacher and instructional coach, Elena Aguilar is now a transformational leadership coach in the Oakland Unified School District</i>.</div>
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Think about a time when you were really engaged in something, the kind of engagement where you lose track of time and experience feelings of joy and satisfaction. You may have felt acutely focused, physically, mentally, and emotionally absorbed in a task. I've felt this most often while writing, reading, teaching, and coaching -- always signaled by the moment when I notice the clock and, feeling dazed, wonder where the hours have gone.</div>
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<a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-engagement-series" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A SPECIAL BLOG SERIES<br />ON STUDENT ENGAGEMENT<br />PRESENTED BY</a></div>
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Student Engagement Topics</h2>
<br /><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">March 1</b>: <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-engagement-definition-ben-johnson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How to Tell if Your Students Are Engaged</a> by Ben Johnson</div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">March 15</b>: <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-engagement-pbl-suzie-boss" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">For Engaging Projects, Connect Learning to Students’ Lives</a> by Suzie Boss</div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">March 27</b>: <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-engagement-elena-aguilar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Beyond Student Engagement: Achieving a State of Flow</a> by Elena Aguilar</div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">April 12</b>: <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-engagement-sel-maurice-elias" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Engaging Students with Social and Emotional Learning</a> by Maurice Elias</div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">April 26</b>: <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-engagement-stories-heather-wolpert-gawron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kids Speak Out on Student Engagement</a> by Heather Wolpert-Gawron</div>
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The feelings are pleasant and there are always outcomes, a chapter written, or a complicated dilemma unraveled, for example. It wasn't until I heard about the work of the Hungarian psychologist, <a class="external-link" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/mihaly_csikszentmihalyi_on_flow.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi</a>, that I learned that this notion has a name: Flow.</div>
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I would like to urge the education community to move beyond a discussion of "engagement," with its vague definitions and murky attributes, to a conversation on flow; I'd like to propose that our task as educators is to increase the experiences of flow for students.</div>
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What is <i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Flow?</i></h2>
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Csikszentmihalyi has identified three conditions necessary to achieve a state of flow:</div>
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<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The goals are clear (i.e. design an experiment which demonstrates <i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">xyz</i>, write a persuasive essay, paint the ceiling of the chapel)</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The goals are attainable and within one's skillset and ability; and the challenge level and skill level are both high</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">You get clear and immediate feedback so you can adjust your course</li>
</ol>
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Intrinsic motivation is a key element that leads to experiences of flow; we have to want to engage in the challenging task. I doubt that anyone has every experienced flow with a worksheet or alphabetizing spelling words. Flow does not happen on the low end of <a class="external-link" href="http://www.odu.edu/educ/roverbau/Bloom/blooms_taxonomy.htm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Bloom's Taxonomy</a>.</div>
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The Road to Mastery</h2>
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I'm going to assume we all want students to master certain skills or standards, or show mastery of a domain of knowledge; flow is an essential to mastery. Flow doesn't guarantee mastery. I have seen many classrooms full of students who are engaged in an activity, but don't necessarily master any skills. But mastery is not attainable without flow. Flow happens in a moment while mastery takes years. And to push that notion a little farther, philosophers debate whether mastery can really be attained, which is exactly what makes pursuing it so appealing -- as soon as we reach what we think is mastery, we see another level of mastery farther ahead and so we seek to attain that level, and so on. But back to the concrete: Our students can master the craft of writing a persuasive essay, if, perhaps, they've had some moments of flow on their journey.</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.2857em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.8571em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The Secret</h2>
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Here's the secret to why it's really worth creating experiences of flow for our students: when they experience flow, we will too. When they're in their student zone of flow then the same will most likely be true for us: our goals are clear, the challenge is high, our skills match the challenge, and we're getting immediate feedback from kids and adjusting so that we can meet their needs and accomplish the goal. It's synergistic and beautiful!</div>
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This is why every lesson must have clear and laser-focused objectives -- not because an administrator is going to come in and ding you if they're not posted -- but because without an articulation of a clear goal, students can't attain flow. This is why we need to know what our students know and what they can do, and why we need to be acutely aware of their <a class="external-link" href="http://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0099ff; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">zone of proximal development</a> (ZPD); this is why we need to do those diagnostics and KWLs, so we can match their skill level to an appropriately challenging task. This is why we need to design lessons and assignments that are rigorous and on the upper levels of Bloom's, that ask students to argue and debate, create, and evaluate.</div>
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And this is why we need to check students' understanding every 10 minutes and use a range of formative assessment strategies so then we can adjust course and ensure that they'll be successful with the task.</div>
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Of course, a clear learning objective won't ensure flow and there's much more to consider. But as an end goal, I'm proposing that flow should be part of our daily experience in school -- for students and teachers. Maybe we can't experience flow all day, every day, but maybe students and teachers can experience it more often than we do now.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Perhaps flow is the secret to transforming schools, retaining quality teachers, and keeping kids in school. I'm going to make a wild guess that kids who quit school have had very few experiences of flow within a classroom. Let's refocus our energies on creating the conditions for flow to be experienced in schools. We'd all benefit.</div>
</div>
</div>Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-68613957156136186072012-05-04T22:42:00.001-07:002012-05-04T22:42:16.360-07:00Student EngagementOne of the latest buzz words in the education arena is "student engagement." Heather Wolpert-Gawron, an 8th grade teacher and a California regional Teacher of the Year, surveyed all 220 of her students and came up with a top ten. Here's what her students had to say about what student engagement means to them:<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>1.
Working with their peers<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Middle-school students are
growing learners who require and want interaction with other people to fully
attain their potential."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Teens find it most interesting
and exciting when there is a little bit of talking involved. Discussions help
clear the tense atmosphere in a classroom and allow students to participate in
their own learning."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>2.
Working with technology<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I believe that when students
participate in "learning by doing" it helps them focus more.
Technology helps them to do that. Students will always be extremely excited
when using technology." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"We have entered a digital age
of video, Facebook, Twitter, etc., and they [have] become more of a daily thing
for teens and students. When we use tech, it engages me more and lets me
understand the concept more clearly." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>3.
Connecting the real world to the work we do/project-based learning<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I
believe that it all boils down to relationships. Not relationships from teacher
to student or relationships from student to student, but rather relations
between the text and the outside world. For example, I was in a history class
last year and my teacher would always explain what happens in the Medieval World
and the Renaissance. And after every lesson, every essay, every assignment, he
asked us, "How does this event relate to current times?" It brought
me to a greater thinking, a kind of thinking where I can relate the past to the
present and how closely they are bonded together." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"If you relate the topic to the
students' lives, then it makes the concept easier to grasp." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Students are most interested
when the curriculum applies to more than just the textbook. The book is there
-- we can read a book. If we're given projects that expand into other subjects
and make us think, it'll help us understand the information." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"What I think engages a student
most is interactions with real-life dilemmas and an opportunity to learn how to
solve them. Also, projects that are unique and one of a kind that other schools
would never think of. Also something challenging and not easy, something to
test your strengths as a student and stimulate your brain, so it becomes easier
to deal with similar problems when you are grown up and have a job. Something
so interesting that you could never ever forget." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I like to explore beyond the
range of what normal textbooks allow us to do through hands-on techniques such
as project-based learning. Whenever I do a project, I always seem to remember
the material better than if I just read the information straight out of a
textbook." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I, myself, find a deeper
connection when I'm able to see what I'm learning about eye-to-eye. It's more
memorable and interesting to see all the contours and details of it all. To be
able to understand and connect with the moment is what will make students three
times more enthusiastic about learning beyond the black and white of the Times
New Roman text." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>4.
Clearly love what you do<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Engaging students can be a
challenge, and if you're stuck in a monotone, rambling on and on, that doesn't
help...instead of talking like a robot, teachers should speak to us like
they're really passionate about teaching. Make sure to give yourself an
attitude check. If a teacher acts like this is the last thing they want to be
doing, the kids will respond with the same negative energy. If you act like you
want to be there, then we will too." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I also believe that enthusiasm
in the classroom really makes a student engaged in classroom discussions.
Because even if you have wonderful information, if you don't sound interested,
you are not going to get your students' attention. I also believe that
excitement and enthusiasm is contagious." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"It isn't necessarily the
subject or grades that really engage students but the teacher. When teachers
are truly willing to teach students, not only because it is their job, but
because they want to educate them, students benefit. It's about passion. That
extra effort to show how it will apply to our own future." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>5. Get
me out of my seat! <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"When a student is active they
learn in a deeper way than sitting. For example, in my history class, we had a
debate on whether SOPA and PIPA were good ideas. My teacher had us stand on
either ends of the room to state whether we agree or disagree with the
proposition. By doing this, I was able to listen to what all my classmates had to
say." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>6.
Bring in visuals<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I like to see pictures because
it makes my understanding on a topic clearer. It gives me an image in my head
to visualize." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I am interested when there are
lots of visuals to go with the lesson. Power Points are often nice, but they
get boring if there are too many bullet points. Pictures and cartoons usually
are the best way to get attention." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>7.
Student choice<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I think having freedom in
assignments, project directions, and more choices would engage students...More
variety = more space for creativity." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Giving students choices helps
us use our strengths and gives us freedom to make a project the way we want it
to. When we do something we like, we're more focused and enjoy school
more." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Another way is to make the
curriculum flexible for students who are more/less advanced. There could be a
list of project choices and student can pick from that according to their level."
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>8.
Understand your clients -- the kids<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Encourage students to voice
their opinions as you may never know what you can learn from your
students." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"If the teacher shows us that
they are confident in our abilities and has a welcoming and well-spirited personality
towards us, we feel more capable of doing the things we couldn't do...What I'm
trying to say is students are more engaged when they feel they are in a
"partnership" with their teacher." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Personally, I think that
students don't really like to be treated as 'students.' Teachers can learn from
us students. They need to ask for our input on how the students feel about a
project, a test, etc. Most importantly, teachers need to ask themselves,
"How would I feel if I were this student?" See from our point of view
and embrace it." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Students are engaged in
learning when they are taught by teachers who really connect with their
students and make the whole class feel like one big family. Teachers should
understand how the mind of a child or teenager works and should be able to
connect with their students because everyone should feel comfortable so that
they are encouraged to raise their hands to ask questions or ask for
help." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Teachers should know that
within every class they teach, the students are all different." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>9. Mix
it up!<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"I don't like doing only one
constant activity...a variety will keep me engaged in the topic. It's not just
for work, but also for other things such as food. Eating the same foods
constantly makes you not want to eat!" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Fun experiments in science
class...acting out little skits in history...if students are going to remember
something, they need visuals, some auditory lessons, and some emotions." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Also, you can't go wrong with
some comedy. Everyone loves a laugh...another thing that engages me would be
class or group games. In Language Arts I've played a game of "dodge ball.
We throw words at each other, one at a time. If they could get the definition,
the person who threw the word would be out...Students remember the ones they
got wrong, and of course, the ones they already knew." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b>10. Be
human<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Don't forget to have a little
fun yourself." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">I'd like to end this post with one
more quote, this one from my student, Sharon: "The thing is, every student
is engaged differently...but, that is okay. There is always a way to keep a
student interested and lively, ready to embark on the journey of education.
'What is that way?' some teachers may ask eagerly. Now, read closely... Are you
ready? That way is to ask them. Ask. Them. Get their input on how they learn.
It's just as simple as that." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt;">Go on. Try it. Ask. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(Heather's website is www.tweenteacher.com)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment-->Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3302153498763404969.post-5968859904177148162012-03-15T23:04:00.002-07:002012-03-15T23:09:36.799-07:00Happy (Very Late) New Year!Thanks to all who use this site as a resource for teaching English learners. We will be adding new information and posting new material in the coming weeks. "Other Resources" Is our newest addition on the right-hand side of the blog with the new listing of Teachers Pay Teachers. Have any of you used this site to buy or sell lesson plans, assessments, or other classroom activities? What do you think? I am thinking about posting some lessons of my own for sale and will let you know what happens in the coming months. Hope to hear from some of you soon!!Laurie Manvillehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03826436778719996235noreply@blogger.com0